Microorganisma

Parasite

2012-01-13T19:42:00.000-08:00

Parasitism, a symbotic relationship, involves a species of organism (parasite) that infects a host species and depend on the host for nutrition and other basic metabolic needs. In highly evolved types of parasitism, minimal damage may be done to a host population, except that less-fit or disabled members may be weeded out. At the other end of the spectrum, highly virulent parasites cause diseases, such as rabies, and are referred to as pathogens.

Almost every life-form is affected by parasitism. Even bacteria are infected by certain viruses known as bacteripages. Many parasites cause considerable agricultural damage. Tapeworms, which live in gastroinestinal tract, are among the parasites that cause human illness.

Some parasitic diseases more detail describe on http://bacteria.health-tips-diseases.com

Viruses Causes Herpes

2012-01-13T08:53:00.000-08:00

There are two kind of viruses that can causes herpes simplex. Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). The first type is related to the infection usually on the lips, mouth and face. This viruses often attack to children. HSV-1 often causes lesions inside the mouth such as could sores (fever blisters) and transmitted by contact with infected saliva.

While herpes type 2 or causes by HSV-2 is sexually transmitted diseases. The symptom of this disease include of genital ulcer or sores. Then merge a genital lesions, this virus can also lead to complications such as meningoencephalitis (infection of the lining of the brain and the brain itself) or cause infection of the eye, in particular the conjunctiva, and cornea. However, some people have HSV-2 but do not display symptom.

Fungi As Microorganism

2011-12-03T06:09:00.000-08:00

Fungi also as microorganism because fungi that make you ill like itch, is a small creature that can't be viewed by naked eye. Many kind of skin diseases is caused by fungi and often time that this diseases difficult to cure. Like the tinea vermicular is a kind of disease that cause by fungi infection. This fungi mostly attact to adult people, this fungi available in 90% of health people, but just few people can causes infection. The infection can happen suddently, because of change of season like of from dry season to rainy season. This fungi will growing fastly if the humidity very high.

The Symptom of this infection sometime can't be detected, but if many white spot on the skin it causes not good looking, sometime contain of red pigment especially when the wheather hot. Some people disturb because feel very itch after sweat.

On heavy cases and spread oil all over the body, may need oral medicine. Sometime keep inside the skin even the medical treatment has finished. Give external medicine like sodium thiosulfate selenium sulfide, medicine of imidazole for fungi, this medicine is available in many form like lotion, cream and shampoo.

Virus Disease

2011-11-05T18:28:00.000-07:00

Each viruses have different mechanisms by which they produce disease in an organism, which largely depends on the viral species. Mechanisms at cell level primarily include cell lyses, the breaking open and subsequent death of the cell. In multicellular organisms, if enough cells die the whole organism will start to suffer the effects. Viruses cause disruption of healthy homestasis, resulting in disease, they may exist relatively harmlessly within an organism. Like on the disease herpes simplex virus, which causes cold sores, to remain in a dormant state within the human body. The latency and characteristic of the all herpes viruses including the Epstein Barr virus, which causes glandular fever, and the varicella zoster virus, which causes chicken pox.

Every people have been infected with at least one of these types of herpes virus. But this virus is latent that sometimes can be beneficial, as the presence of the virus can increase immunity against bacterial pathogens, such as “Ysrsinia Pestis.” While latent chickenpox infect can return in later life as the disease called shingles.

Several viruses can cause life-long or chromic infections, where the viruses continue to replicate in the body despite the host’s defence mechanism. Such as hepatitis B virus and hepatis C virus infection. The people who ever get this diseases called as carriers, as they serve as reservoirs of infections virus. In populations with a high proportion of carriers, the disease is said to be endemic.

Beneficial Bacteria

2011-10-24T08:27:00.000-07:00

Beneficial bacteria are bacteria that help people to produce or convert something that useful for human. There are two kind of bacteria on the world, beneficial bacteria and dangerous bacteria to our health, there is economic bacteria and there is bacteria causes diseases. Bacteria that make spoil to milk called as milk bacteria, this bacteria include on dangerous bacteria, if we drink spoil milk we can get stomachache.

Yakult's bacteria is a beneficial bacteria, because can convert a milk into more durable beverage, yakult. The Japanese scientist has founded that bacteria contain on Yakult can control the intestinal health and protection people from diseases, so people that have disturbance on the stomach can drink Yakult to stabilize the microorganism balance on the stomach.

Beneficial bacteria have economic importance to human, this kind bacteria then being produced to help people on producing something importance and of course help the producers to get money. Yakult market currently more bigger and bigger, so this bacteria already help the economic development on those country. The kind of bacteria that have economic contribution, such bacteria that can produce cheese, yagurt, buttermilk, vinegar and sauerkraut. The production of antibiotic such as streptomycin, which is extracted from soil bacteria, already success to use on the medicinal world.

How to Prevent From Swine Flu

2011-08-26T18:28:00.000-07:00

To prevent on getting swine flu basically similar with prevent from flu. The tips from swine flu are as follow:

Frequent hand washing
Covering coughs and sneezes
Avoidance of crowded setting when possible
Stay at home
Voluntary home quarantine of members of households with confirmed or probable swine flu cases
Consider use face masks
Household close contacts of probable or suspected case.

Diarrhea Can Caused Dead

2011-07-24T07:17:00.000-07:00

As we know that diarrhea is a usual disease that often attack to children, because this disease come from the dirt that usually be a place to play. Diarrhea cause by E. Coli bacteria that is no longer cause death currently, but in recent several last week in Germany was reported to cause illness in more than 3,000 people in 14 countries and resulted in no fewer than 33 peoples died by diarrhea.

This bacteria at first from cucumber from Spain suspected as carries of these bacteria. German government than investigate eventually identified sprout (bean sprouts) produced an organic farming enterprise to be carries of bacteria.

As we know that E. coli is a bacterium that lives in human intestine. This bacteria is used as an indicator of sanitary system of food products. The presence of E coli can use as indicate the existence of contact with human waste that is used an estimate to determine whether the pathogen test should be done.

Genital Herpes

2011-05-29T09:03:00.000-07:00

Genital disease can be passed on during vaginal intercourse or anal intercourse or something during oral sex. So there are many contraception available to make love to avoid from this diseases. Before the medicinal method for genital diseases, many people afraid of this disease because often make broken on their sex organ and often make died.

On the first widespread health threat in the 1970s, currently just over 30,000 new infections are seen each year at British genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics. Over 18,000 of these are women and almost 12,000 are men.

Genital diseases is a contagious disease caused by herpes simplex virus which infect the skin and mucous membranes of the genitals and sometimes around the opening of the rectum. The incubation period is usually about a week, but it can be longer.

The first symptom is a reddish or darkish patch on the genitals or the anus (or lips). This is quickly replaced by one or more blisters, filled with straw colored fluid. there may be tingling or burning. Often time the glands in the groin swell up.

Prevent From Getting Flu

2011-04-29T09:14:00.000-07:00

To prevent from many diseases that causes from viruses can be prevented by vaccination that apply regularly. But prevent from getting flu can't be applied by using of vaccination, why this disease can't be prevented? Flu viruses always change their characteristic so this viruses difficult to create vaccine. Specific flu viruses can be created their vaccine, but generally can't be created.

To prevent from flu just can be done by consume of enough protein, vitamin and calorie and also enough of rest. But sometime this prevention is missed and we have risk of getting flu. Flu viruses always available on the air, and they always contaminated our body through the air enter to our body, but our body also ready to counter this virus to contaminate our body.

There are some tips on how to prevent from getting flu:

There are vaccines against specific strains of flu virus, but there are not effective against other strains. Nevertheless, people over sixty-five, pregnant women, and people with chronic cardiovascular disease and certain other diseases should be vaccinated. The component of the vaccines are changed periodically, so individuals must be revaccinated each year.
Beyond that, at this point, you can only take the precautions you would take against colds: Stay away from people with the disease, and try to keep your resistance up.

Bacterial Cellulose

2011-02-01T15:19:00.001-08:00

One of the importance of bacteria is bacterial cellulose, this bacteria useful for human because can produce cellulose that may have benefit to human. Bacterial cellulose is belongs to specific products of primary metabolisms and is mainly a protective coating, whereas plant cellulose (PC) plays structural role.

Cellulose that can be produce by bacteria are belong to the genera acetobacter, rhizobium, agrobacterium and sarcina. The most efficient producers are gram negative, and acetic acid bacteria, Acetobacter xylium has been applied as the model of microorganism for the basic and applied studies on cellulose.

Bacterial cellulose is applied in producing biopolymer synthesis, as well as on its structure and properties, which determine practical use. The most important feature of bacterial cellulose has chemical purity higher than cellulose that produce from plants, that always contain of other substance like lignin and hemicellulose. To remove contaminated cellulose from lignin and hemicellulose is difficult if propose to make a biopolymer that need cellulose material with high purity.

Kind Of Antibiotics

2011-01-16T17:04:00.001-08:00

We have known the function of antibiotics that can help use to remove of some viruses from our body, so when we eat antibiotics as our medicine, we feel more better. This is because some of viruses that exist on our body become weak and don't hard attack too strong to our body organ.

Antibiotics that inhibit the growth of the bacterial cell wall include the commonly used penicillin and cephalothin groups; and such often used antibiotics as vaconmycin and bacitracin. Antibiotic that act like detergent on the cell membrane and therefore disrupt the passage of nutrient into the bacterial cell include the antibacterial polymycin and colistin, and the antifungals mycostatin and amphotericin.

Other antibiotics that interfere with protein synthesis in the bacterial cell are tetracyline, aminoglycosides (streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, gentamycin, amikacin) and the macrolide group comprising erythromycin, licomycin, and climdamycin.

Kind of Virus Reproduction

2010-10-20T07:31:00.000-07:00

Viruses can't indicate as animal or plant, but this creature are alive and break of infected organ. Viruses are very small, the size may similar with our DNA so viruses can joint to our DNA system become different structure and if the new structure have different fast with other cell then this new system will grow faster than other and become a tumor on our body.

Viruses size about 1/1000 time of bacteria size, so viruses also can infect of bacteria, and causes the bacteria died. Actually viruses are very weak, but on suitable condition viruses can grow very fast. The speed of viruses growing can be similar with Einstein formula like E = mc². This speed like speed of light.

Look for Kind of viruses:

Comment Viruses

2010-08-03T21:16:00.000-07:00

We have known about many microorganism that causes diseases to our body. We can imagine that our body also similar with our blog here. Sometime many comment or article that can causes diseases to our blog, even can make our blog being block or removed by administrator because doing prohibited contain.

Google and Blogger have condition that we can't do as we want, we should be followed the rule as the google and blogger want. So we are very sorry if your comment that just like spam comment that want make your blog or website become wellknown and don't make any benefit for us even just make a diseases to our blog, so I will remove comment like that.

Negative comment can be assumed as dangerouse bacteria or viruses that causes our blog be banned by blogger administrator, so I will removed your comment that act like human viruses.

Human Viruses

2010-07-11T04:38:00.000-07:00

There are many kind of viruses on this world, there is a viruses that attack just to animals, there is a viruses that just attack to plants, there is a viruses that is attack just to human and there are viruses that attack to both animals and human. These all depend on the viruses characteristic and depend on the virus specialized.

Virus that attack to plant also more divided into many kind of viruses, there is a virus that attack to certain plant like Orchid Virus Disease, and virus that attack to coffee or tea and viruses that just attack to tobacco. and especially viruses that attack to tobacco can be used as medicine, for more detail the description about this virus can see on this article, tobacco viruses as medicine.

From those knowledge about viruses we can conclude that there are many useful of microorganism that are exist on this world. There are many microorganism that benefit to human and even we can't alive without them and many other microorganism that danger to human and sometime can diminished of human life.

Yellow Fever Diseases

2010-01-13T00:36:00.000-08:00

Yellow fever is a kind of fever, if you get this diseases you will feel cold and fever like general other fever may be similar with kind of flu. This fever is caused of mosquite bite, a kind of Aedes mosquito. After you bite by this mosquito, you are not dirrectly get this fever but after 12 days or more you will feel the effect.

Yellow fever still one of the most classic of virus diseases, and it may be pathogenesis diseases. When an infected mosquito bites, a very small amount of yellow fever virus is introduced into the blood. The virus does not appear in the peripheral blood until just before the disease develops. Therefore, a normal mosquitos bitting during the four day incubation period, the virus is undergoing reproduction in cells of the liver and other organs.

Epidemic and Endemic Definition

2009-12-16T19:24:00.000-08:00

The definition of epidemiology is the study of the distribution and dynamics of diseases as it affects large groups of people. In recent usages, the diseases is not required to be communicable, examples include cancer or heart disease. Another example includes the infamous Black Palgue of the middle ages.

The other similar but different in definition is endemic diseases, endemic is common diseases that occur at a constant but relatively low rate in the population. An example of an endemic disease is malaria in Africa and Indonesia last period time, large population is expected to get malaria at some point in their lifetime. Another example is bubonic plague or Black Death that swept through Europe in the 1340s that kill millions of peoples.

Garlic or white onion usually use as cooking ingredient, generally garlic use as repair the taste of cooking and make food feel more delicious. Beside this function garlic also have good prevention from rotten because of bacteria. Bacteria won’t occupy the food that contains many of garlic, so actually bacteria are similar with Dracula that afraid of garlic like on the story. This benefit often use by traditional yeast maker that use garlic to prevent from bacteria. On the yeast people just take fungi to make a fermentation process.

That kind of garlic fruit that use for bacteria repellent have a small form, different with Indian garlic that have more bigger form, Indian garlic can’t be use as bacteria repellent. Maybe not all kind of bacteria afraid of garlic ingredient, because bacteria also useful to make the onion rest become rotten. The identification of bacteria that are afraid from garlic just bacteria that like to live in powder.

More Familiar to Viruses and Bacteria

2009-11-22T18:53:00.000-08:00

To make more understand about microorganism especially to viruses and bacteria we must know about their history, like virus history, bacteria and microbe, about histology and virus characteristic, bacteria characteristic.

Bacteria and viruses as microbe have special characteristic, they also have how the way on reproduction, viruses reproduction also different with bacteria reproduction, even this creature is include of microbe. As human general knowledge, people may just know that bacteria and viruses have negative effect to people, actually this microbe also useful to us. The example of Bacteria useful is on converting the food rest on our stomach, if no bacteria on our stomach we will always exist the same food rest like food slurry and may too tough and can make irritation to our intestinal.

To more understand of bacteria we also should know how the life of bacteria, how are their everyday life, like study of people life style. On this mater we study about histology and bacteria and virus biology clock. After we know the habits of virus and bacteria we can prevent from bacteria or virus infection.

Virus Reproduction and Virus Infection

2009-09-11T15:13:00.000-07:00

Viruses reproduction begins when the virion comes into contact with a suitable host cell. The DNA or RNA enters the host cell and begins to function as genetic information by directing the synthesis of specific types of proteins that have enzymatic and structural roles. The infectious cycle usually consists of two different stages. In the first, the proteins are produced that are required for the reproduction of the viral DNA or RNA in conjunction with components of the host cell. In the second stage, proteins that make up the virion are produced; these combine with the DNA or RNA to form mature virions, which are the released from the cell. In some cases this release involves the complete disruption and death of the cell, a process known as lysis. In other cases individual virions are released through the cell membrane without killing the cell.

Virus Infection
Slow viruses are disease agents not yet identified but assumed to exist, because the disease resembles viral diseases in their epidemiology. Slow virus diseases are degenerative nerve disorders that take years to develop. They include the human diseases called kuru and Creutzfelt-Jakob disease, a fatal sheep and goat disease called scrapie, and possibly a recently identified cattle disease called bovine spongiform enchepalophaty, among others.

Virus Integration

Many viruses also interact with the host cell in such a way that the viral DNA, instead of replicating independently within the host cell, is integrated into the host cell DNA. It is then replicated and passed on to daughter cells, as are the host cell’s genes. Single or multiple copies of part or all of the viral DNA infecting animals may be incorporated into the host cell DNA. When the viral DNA is integrated, virions are not produced and the host cell is not killed. When a complete copy of viral DNA is present, the cell may return at some time to a lytic mode of virus replication with subsequent production of new virions.

The characteristics of bacteria

2009-09-11T15:05:00.000-07:00

Bacteria have characteristics that different with another organism such as:

Organisms multi-cellular
Prokaryote (do not have the core of the cell membrane)
Generally do not have chlorophyll
Body size that varies between 0.12 up to hundreds of micron size generally have an average of 1 s / d 5 micron.
Have varies form of body
Free living or parasitic
Who live in extreme environments such as hot water in the eyes, mouth or turf cells wall does not contain peptide
The cosmopolitan life in different environments cell wall contains peptide.

Bacteria growth just in few days and after that may die, but then will change with another new one in just second.

Certain bacteria can produce hyaluronic acid. The production of Hyaluronic acid using of Semi continuous cultivation of Streptococcus Zooepidemicus bacteria, a culture will ensure the availability of raw materials on an on going basis, also if bacteria being cultivate then will be able to provide the needs of various industrial medicine raw material. People who is growing old, will produce elastic cell lessen than young people.

Source of Diseases

2009-06-23T21:38:00.000-07:00

The diseases can cause from many source, from bacteria, from fungi, from viruses or from other microorganism.

The Diseases that caused by virus have many name, for example:

West Nile Virus that spread by mosquito.
Varicella Zoster Virus
Rubella Virus Diseases
Swine Flu
Influenza
Herpes Simplex
Common Cold
Bird Flu

Diseases that caused by bacteria as follows:

Bacteria Use and Identification

2009-05-28T09:14:00.000-07:00

Bacteria Identification

Bacteria Identification is a special technique that is used by biologist and many other scientist, because many of bacteria is useful for human, beside the others can disadvantage for human. Beside can cause diseases, many bacteria type is need by human for food process or industrial uses. To make sure that the bacteria can useful for certain application, people must identify the bacteria that want to use.

The Useful of Bacteria

There are two kind bacteria if see from the uses for human, benefit and disadvantage for human. Most of us think of bacteria as "germs" or microorganism, unseen threats to our health and welfare. But for each of the few disease-producing kinds which can live in the human body, there are hundreds of others upon which we depend for our very existence. Bacteria help us digest our food. Plant will die if no bacteria to convert leaf or other organic matter to humus.

BACTERIAL SENSITIVITY

The susceptibility of a given bacterial species to an antibiotic is usually determined either from laboratory tests or from the result of treating an establish ed infection.

In laboratory tests, bacteria isolated from an infected patient are inoculated into tubes containing a liquid culture medium enriched with graded concentration of an antibiotic agent. The lowest concentration of antibiotic that inhibit microbial growth is termed the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). When this is compared with concentrations attainable in the body, one can judge whether the bacteria are sensitive, partly sensitive, or resistant to the antibiotic.

Virus Characteristic and Reproduction

2009-05-28T09:11:00.000-07:00

Certain type of virus exists in several forms of stages. The free virus particle, or virion, consists of a molecule of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, depending on the specific virus, surrounded by protein and in some viruses, also lipid and carbohydrate. The virion is inert, because its lacks many of the components that are necessary for independent life and reproduction; it does, however, provide for the transfer of the nucleic acid from host cell to host cell. Replication can occur only when the nucleic acid enters a host cell. Within the cell, the nucleic acid functions as genetic material and directs the synthesis of proteins. This results in the production of new virions, which then are released from the cell and can initiate new cycles of infection.

More about virus characteristic

How the virus reproduce:
Viruses reproduction begins when the virion comes into contact with a suitable host cell. The DNA or RNA enters the host cell and begins to function as genetic information by directing the synthesis of specific types of proteins that have enzymatic and structural roles. The infectious cycle usually consists of two different stages. In the first, the proteins are produced that are required for the reproduction of the viral DNA or RNA in conjunction with components of the host cell. In the second stage, proteins that make up the virion are produced; these combine with the DNA or RNA to form mature virions, which are the released from the cell. In some cases this release involves the complete disruption and death of the cell, a process known as lysis. In other cases individual virions are released through the cell membrane without killing the cell.

More on Virus reproduction

The Useful of Bacteria

2009-04-09T18:31:00.000-07:00

Size and Habitat of Bacteria

2009-04-09T18:30:00.000-07:00

Thirty trillion bacteria of average size weigh about 28 g (1 oz). Bacteria are measured in microns (0.001 micrometer, about 0.00004 in) and most types range from 0.1 to 4.0 microns in width and 0.2 to 50 microns in length. Bacteria are found every where. Approximately 2,000 species have been identified, many of them living in conditions that would destroy other organisms. They have been found in the almost airless reaches of the upper atmosphere, 10 km (6 mi) below the surface of the ocean, in frozen soil, and on rocks in hot springs. Some bacteria produce a resting stage, the endospore, which is the most resistant living thing known and can be killed only by boiling in steam under pressure for many hours.

More detail about Size and Habitat

Virus Characteristic

2009-04-09T18:28:00.000-07:00

Biology Clock

2009-04-09T18:26:00.000-07:00

A biological a clock is a self–sustained- internal timing mechanism that controls cyclic pattern, or rhytms, of a living organism. By providing temporal information , such as the time of day, month, or season, nearly all organism are adapted to event in both their internal or external environments. The product of this internal timing are physiological or behavioral even that, over time , vary in intensity.

Such biology time - dependent variability is expressed as a rhythm, or oscillation, with frequency equal to that of the underlying biological clock. Rhythms that occur more than once a day are called ultradian rhythm; one a day circadian; once a lunar day, lunar; and a once of year, circanual.

More about Biology Clock

Histology

2009-04-09T18:24:00.000-07:00

As a science, biology did not develop until the last few centuries BC. Although hippocrates, known as the father of medicine, influence the development of medicine apart from the role in religion, it was Aristotle who established observation and analysis as the basic tools of biology. From the 3^rd century BC to the 2d century AD, studies primarily focused on agriculture and medicine. The Arabs dominated the study of biology during the middle ages and applied their knowledge of the Greeks discoveries to medicine.

Complete Article Histology of Biology

Microorganism

2009-01-24T11:59:00.000-08:00

Microorganisma is a large group that is included bacteria, viruses, spores and others micro creature. A large group of prokaryotic microorganism characterized by multiplying via fission or forming spores, and generally lacking chlorophyll or distinct nucleus surrounded by a membrane. Bacteria furnish both the raw material and the chemical machinery for their own reproduction, whereas viruses, for example do not.

Bacteria is constitute one of division in the kingdom Monera. Bacteria are unicellular and often classified by shape and may be spherical, spiral, rodlike, or coma shaped. They may be saprophytic (bacteria are the major the composers in most ecosystem), parasitic (such as those causing diseases such as pneumonia or typhoid fever), or auto-trophic (hydrogen sulfide bacteria).

More detail on Bacteria as Microorganism

Bacteria as Microbe

2009-01-24T11:58:00.001-08:00

Bacteria is the common name for a vast group of one celled microscopic organisms that encompasses the smallest, simplest, and perhaps first form of cell life that evolved. They constitute one of two divisions in the kingdom Monera. Bacteria furnish both the raw material and the chemical machinery for their own reproduction, whereas viruses, for example, do not. The oldest sign of life is a fossilized bacterial at about 3.5 billion years old.

The detail look on Bacteria as Microbe

Virus History

2008-11-24T14:27:00.000-08:00

Viruses were discovered at the end of the 19^th century. In 1892, Dimitri Ivanovsky, a Rusian botanist, discovered that the sap from tobacco plants affected by mosaic diseases could be passed through filters so fine as to exclude all known bacteria and still retain the ability to produce the diseases in new plants. In 1898, Frederich Loeffler and Paul Frosch reported similar results for the infectious agent of foot-and-mouth diseases of cattle. They also showed that an animal inoculated with a tiny amount of filtered material could itself subsequently give rise to a very potent inoculums.

More detail click Virus History

Science of Viruses

2008-11-24T14:25:00.000-08:00

Science branch that study about this knowledge called as Virology. This subject is learn by many knowledge discipline background. Virus is not only live in human, but they are life in every creature in the world, human, animals and plant. From a big creature until a micro creature size. The creature which is viruses live called as host.

For detail Click Viruses.

Microorganism Body

2008-11-07T02:47:00.000-08:00

Microorganism is small animals with micro size, micro is same as 1 m divide by 1 million or 1/1000000 m. Animals include on this category such as viruses, bacteria fungi and animals and plant in single cell structure.

Animals in micro structure have different metabolism system with normal creature, on microorganism all the metabolism system are in micro so they don't have any organ like us. Bacteria don't have mouth, don't have hands and don't have blood like us.

The study of bacteria is called bacteriology, which belongs to the broader is called bacteriology, or the study of all types of microorganisms, including one celled protozoans, yeast, and algae. Medical microbiology is concerned with the behavior and control of pathogens, which are microorganisms that cause infections Diseases in humans and others animals.